Why are Russian optics so good?That is a very difficult question. Part of the answer is in the development of the Soviet industry and military. It was recognized by the Soviets in the 1920s that they had to make a tremendous push to develop their heavy industry and military technology. That meant being able to make the tools necessary, and many of those tools were optical. A good example is the development of Soviet microscope manufacturing. In 1936 they contracted with Karl Zeiss in Jena, Germany, to set up a microscope production plant in Leningrad. That firm was called Progress, and they were quite successful. They eventually merged with other companies to become LOMO, a company we represent. And in 1945 the Soviets captured the Zeiss factory. All of the machinery, and many of the engineers and technicians were transported to Leningrad, and produced the designs of many of the products later sold by Zeiss. Much of that machinery is still in use. While other companies are using computer controlled equipment, plastics, and other shortcuts, LOMO is still using hand skills, brass, bronze and steel as seem at the left. And their products are very sophisticated, for example the fluorescence microscope at the right.
But it is not that simple. In the mid 1930s the Stalin purges had left many orphans, and they were settled in a special commune in Kharkov, in the Ukraine. At that time, Felix E. Dzerzhinsky was head of the NKVD (later the KGB), and he took the responsibility for those children and teenagers. Somehow it was decided that they should learn manual skills, and that to do that they should make cameras. They made a copy of the Leica II that met all of the quality standards of the original Leica. It was called (like the factory) the FED, after F.E. Dzerzhinsky. During WW-II they were moved, and then returned in 1946. At that point FED had made several times more Leica copies than Leica had made of the original.
But FED could not keep up with demand, so another factory was given the contract to make the same camera, but with the name Zorki. These were made in various versions into the 1970s.
During WW-II there was, of course, need for cameras for photoreconaisance. Russia designed their own cameras and lenses. Most were made in the Krasnagorsk factory, near Moscow, and many think they were superior to German and American instruments.
When the Zeiss microscope factory was captured and transported to Leningrad, the Zeiss camera factory was captured and transported to Kiev, in the Ukraine. The company Kiev Arsenal was given the job of making copies of the Zeiss cameras, and the early ones even used captured Zeiss parts. That is a bit strange, because Kiev Arsenal is a company dating back to the 18th century, making cannon. They basically made copies of the Zeiss Contax, but they made many improvements in the optics. At the same time, Kiev Arsenal had another strange job. The Germans had designed a medium format single lens reflex camera. The design was found by the Allies, and a contract was given to Hasselblad in Sweden to make it for the west, and to Kiev Arsenal for its production in the Soviet Union. That camera is still made, and the present version is known as the Kiev-88, shown at the left. It sells for about 1/5 the price of the equivalent Hasselblad, and independant tests of the lenses show them to be as good or better than the Zeiss lenses made for the Hasselblad.
At this point it sounds as if the only thing the Soviets did was copy other designs. But that is wrong. Beginning in the 1920s, they recognized the need for basic research and education in optics. What is now called the Vavilov Institute in St. Petersburg was formed for basic research. Another Optical Institute was also formed in Leningrad, mainly for education; it is a very large institute giving up to the Ph.D. in optical engineering. Virtually all universities in the former Soviet Union had either departments of optics, or an option for optics in the physics department. That is very unlike any US or other university.
So what came of all of this independant research and effort? Some of the results
are still secret. But others were never secret. Maksutov, since the early
1940s had worked with mirror telescopes, and in 1955, developed a camera
objective based on lenses AND mirrors that let a 1000 mm camera lens be
produced that was only 8 inches long. He also designed microscope objectives
that, with mirrors, could work at wavelengths impossible using normal optical
glass. Another scientist, name unknown, designed a microscope objective
that could be used in direct contact with a biopsy sample in the operating
room to see if it was cancerous in about a minute, without having to send
it to the lab. Perhaps the best example is the development of plnapochromatic
microscope objectives, such as the one shown on the left. These were developed
in the early 1950s, and it is argued whether they were developed by interned
Zeiss engineers, or Russians; nevertheless they were introduced first in
Russia, and now have been made by all of the major microscope manufacturers.
We sell them for about 1/10 the price from the best German companies. LOMO
in Leningrad also made the largest telescope mirror ever, with 6 meters
diameter. It took 2 years for the controlled cooling of the blank, and
4 years to cut and polish it.
And of course the Soviets made all of their optics
for their space effort and satellite and air reconaissance. The US. on
the other hand. was dependant on foreign makers. For example, the cameras in the early NASA
satellites were either from Wild, in Switzerland, or, if hand held, or
multispectral imaging, were clusters of Hasselblads from Sweden. Recently
various independant camera magazines have compared, on the optical bench,
Russian lenses with those from other companies. The results were almost
always that the Russian lenses were as good or better, even to the most
outer edge of the image. And the lenses range from a 17 mm fisheye, to
the 1000 mm Maksutov mirror objective mentioned above. The sophistication
of the design and manufacturing is shown in the 20 mm objective NOT a fisheye,
at the right.
Russian optics have excelled in other areas as well. For example, they make a wide
range of total stations, theodolites, levels, and other surveying equipment,
as at the right. The accuracy equals or surpasses that of the best German
and Japanese companies. Of course that should not be surprising, because
one of the Soviet goals was to map its vast area, and of course the development
of heavy industry meant surveying.
The Russians also put a great deal of effort into the development of night vision devices. Of course that was mainly for the military, but now the technology has been applied to a variety of consumer designs. The Russian devices are of the very best quality, very rugged, and range from simple hand-held monoculars (at left) and binoculars, through head-strap goggles, to third generation rifle scopes now issued to the Russian special forces (but those cannot be exported from Russia). Some argue that US instruments are better, but one-on-one comparison has shown that not to be true.In fact we have sold Russian instruments to various governments and SWAT teams, in preference to US made units.
Of course they also make a wide range of daylight vision optics such as spotting
scopes and binoculars. We particularly like the roof prism Fotons at the
left. They are very lightweight, water resistant, and have very bright
images because of the roof prism design and special coatings. We also recommend
the rubber armored and especially strong military binocular. Also very
useful are the "Stabiscopes". These are binoculars with an internal
gyroscopic mechanism that prevents hand shake or any other vibration from
moving the image. In other words, if you use one of these from a boat on
a rough sea, or a vehicle while trying to track wildlife, the image will
not move. We have sold several to Africa for work with wildlife, and we
may be selling them to the US Coast Guard.
Of course we must mention price. While quality is not compromised, the prices for Russian optics are, considering the quality, by far the best in the world. And because we, through our partner firm in St. Petersburg, deal directly with the factories, we offer the best prices in the West.
Finally, and for some this may be the most important, we have very close contacts with individuals and firms in Russia that can design and produce nearly any optical or photonics instrument. And we can do it quicker and for less price than anywhere else. For example, we recently produced a microscope objective capable of high resolution both in the visible and the far infrared. Nothing like that had ever been done before. An Oriental firm tried to do it for our customer, and failed. It took them a year, and cost more than $3000. We produced 2 satisfactory prototypes for the customer to choose from for $500, and they were ready in 5 weeks.
I hope that the above shows you that the Russian optical industry is as good as any in the world, and that if you want to work with Russian optics, we are the ones to help you.
